A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. A gambler bets that it is either a spade or an ace. The odds against his winning are

Explanation

Let A be drawing a spade and B be drawing an ace. The number of favorable outcomes is n(A \cup B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A \cap B) = 13 + 4 - 1 = 16. The number of unfavorable outcomes is 52 - 16 = 36. The odds against winning are 36 : 16, which simplifies to 9 : 4.

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